Parenting Patterns of Children and Family Functions in Social Capital Perspective

Parenting is a form of interaction influencing each other between parents and children. This way of relating is reflected in the attitude and behavior of parents towards their children. Children experience continuous growth according to their age. Internal and external factors, such as parenting style, interaction patterns in the family, family roles and responsibilities, home and school support, and several other supporting aspects, influence a child’s ability to complete developmental tasks. Parents apply various parenting styles to children, such as authoritarian, democratic, and permissive. Democratic parenting tends to provide the greatest benefits for the healthy development of children. Social factors such as social bonds, norms, values, and social trust in parenting also support child development, and family function in maximizing children’s developmental tasks and preventing violence against children.


Introduction
Parents' presence in shaping children's personalities, social skills, and independence is very important. Effective and positive ways of educating parents can help children develop social skills, control emotions, and build healthy relationships with other people. In addition, social capital also has a significant role in child development. Parents with social capital can provide social support and access to resources, influencing the norms that shape their parenting patterns for children. 1 Parents play a very important role in a child's growth because how they educate children has a significant impact. A good upbringing provides a solid foundation for a child's social, emotional, and cognitive development. Other factors influence how parents educate, namely the social capital they have. Social capital includes relationships, social norms, and beliefs that exist in society. 2 Many factors play a role in shaping a child's personality, including genetic and environmental factors. The first environment children encounter is parents, who majorly contribute to shaping the child's personality. Families have various parenting styles and methods of providing education to children. There are three types of parenting styles that parents can adopt, namely: democratic, permissive, and authoritarian parenting. Democratic parenting style gives freedom to children with full responsibility.
On the other hand, authoritarian parenting involves authoritarian leadership, in which parents determine all policies, steps, and tasks children must do. Authoritarian parenting often reflects the attitude of firm parents who tend to be discriminatory. Permissive parenting, on the other hand, gives the child complete freedom of action, which sometimes results in breaking the rules. In providing care for children, several educational strategies are needed, such as exemplary, habituation, attention, advice, and methods of punishment. 3 Development can be explained as a gradual and continuous process of change in individuals from birth to death, both physically and psychologically, which occurs in a planned and gradual manner. Every child experiences development according to their age throughout life. According to developmental principles, each stage is a critical period that prepares the individual for the next stage. Each life stage has specific developmental tasks that must be managed by the individual 4 . Individual development often faces challenges that arise at some point in his life. Overcoming this challenge will bring good luck and success in facing the next tasks. Success in achieving developmental goals may be reflected indirectly in a child's behavior. Observable behavior in children's daily life indirectly reflects how external behavior is formed to solve developmental tasks. One important period is the preschool period, which plays an important role in forming the basis for achieving optimal development in the future. At this age, children must be able to carry out tasks promptly. 5 Parenting patterns positively impact a person's independence and emotional intelligence. The regression analysis results showed a significant influence (F=7.607:p<0.01) between parenting style and adolescent independence. In addition, the study also found that the effective contribution of parenting reached 55.9%. There is a tendency for parenting styles to be related to adolescent autonomy 6 . Interpersonal relationships also affect children's emotional intelligence. Children with a pattern of balanced interpersonal relationships tend to have high emotional intelligence (26,935). In contrast, children with the support of interpersonal relationships from their parents tend to have a moderate level of emotional intelligence (243,572)

Parenting
All parents generally want the best for their children, starting from basic needs such as food, clothing, shelter, and education. Every parent loves their child and hopes their children will be happy and always make the best decisions. In addition, when choosing a school for their children, parents try to find as much information as possible so they do not make a wrong choice. Parenting refers to how parents help their children grow into socially and emotionally mature individuals. Parenting is a parenting style used by parents to guide and educate their children through interactions to achieve the desired behavior. 8 Parents use various variations and approaches in educating and caring for their children, which affect children's behavior, attitudes, development, and intelligence in different ways. The way parents are gentle with children, the communication between parents and children, and the authority and example of parents all have an impact on the pattern of care given by parents to children. 9 l b e r There are several variations of the approach parents use in educating their children. One of them is democratic parenting. Parents who use this approach tend to be rational and always act based on existing situations and ideas. They also have a realistic understanding of the child's abilities and do not expect things beyond the limits of the child's abilities. Such parents give freedom to children to make choices and treat them warmly. 10 Second authoritarian parenting methods. This parenting approach establishes rules to be followed, usually threateningly. Parents of this type tend to use power, give orders, and give punishment. Third the permissive parenting style. In this style, parents adopt a very relaxed supervisory approach toward their children. They give freedom to children to do things without adequate supervision. Parents don't nag or warn their children when in danger and give a little direction. However, parents with this style usually have a warm attitude so that children often like them. 12 l Each way parents educate children will have a different impact. A democratic parenting approach will produce independent, disciplined children who can build good relationships with friends, deal with stress, have curiosity about new things, and can work together with others. Conversely, authoritarian parenting tends to produce children who are shy and quiet, tend to withdraw, lack initiative, fight, violate norms, have angry tendencies, fear, and withdraw. Permissive parenting will develop aggressive traits, rebellious attitudes, bad behavior, and a lack of confidence. 13 The behavior of the children above is generally influenced by how their parents educate them. Permissive parenting tends to cause children to be aggressive due to the low level of control from parents and the urge to act as they, please. In addition, permissive parenting can also cause pressure on children. Conversely, democratic parenting is a more appropriate and better choice. In democratic parenting, parents have balanced control over children so that children become happier, easier to get along with, and behave well because of parental supervision. 14 l Juvenile delinquency is influenced by internal and external factors, including domestic factors, which can also influence juvenile delinquency behavior. One of the causes of juvenile delinquency is the parenting style applied by the family. So far, there have been many attempts to identify family factors that contribute to juvenile delinquency. However, attention has recently been focused on two areas: the failure of family support and family management practices. Failure in this regard is associated with antisocial behavior in children and adolescents. 15 l Parents want their children to grow up to be good individuals, know what is right, and not easily fall into behavior that can harm themselves and others. This hope can be easily achieved if parents realize their role as a very big influence in the moral development of their children. Parenting provided by parents is also one of the factors behind the occurrence of juvenile delinquency. When a teenager is treated roughly by parents, experiences physical violence and humiliation, and gets a negative label, this can lead to negative adolescent behavior. Children can be aggressive, stubborn, and difficult to adapt. The relationship between children and parents, as well as other family members, and parenting patterns, are provided by parents in providing affection and freedom of action, depending on adolescent age and optimal adolescent development. 16 l

Family Function
The family is the smallest social unit that plays an important role in shaping individual character. The family has a double role as a producer and consumer, responsible for providing the necessities of life, such as clothing and food. In addition, the family is also a place of refuge and a source of security. Narrowly, the family can be interpreted as a nuclear family formed through marriage ties, consisting of fathers, mothers, and their children. On the other hand, the broader family includes members such as grandparents, aunts, and uncles, who complete the nuclear family.

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The family has an important role as a social system that shapes the personality and ethics of children. The family is not just a place where fathers, mothers, and children gather. A real family goes beyond that. Family is the most comfortable place for a child. From the family, all children's abilities develop, such as socializing, self-development, discussing, and behaving. Family is the foundation of life for a child. Home is the most comfortable place for children. 18 Family functions have several important roles. Aside from being a place of refuge, the family also plays a role in preparing children to behave by the values and norms that apply in the community where the family lives (socialization process). In addition, the family also plays a role in maintaining the stability of the household economy by meeting existing needs. The family is often seen as a production unit responsible for producing needed goods and services. The family is also tasked with protecting and caring for family members who are elderly and no longer economically productive. In addition, the family also has a role in continuing offspring or reproduction. 19 The family plays various roles. The family has a reproductive function that aims to replace what has been used up or lost to support the continuity of the social system. In addition, the family also functions in educating children until they are independent. The family gives social status to each member, such as the head of the household and other household members. Another function of the family is the socialization of education and the inheritance of social values so that children can be accepted fairly as members of society. The family also has an economic function in meeting the needs of goods and services through production, distribution, and consumption. In addition, the family is responsible for caring for older people. The political function also exists in the family, where the family can influence a person's political position. And what is no less important is that the family provides physical protection to family members, such as clothing, food, and shelter. 20 The developmental process of children is divided into five distinct stages. The first stage is the prenatal period, from conception to birth. The second stage is infancy, which spans from 0 to 12 months. The third stage is the tactical period, where infancy lasts from 1 year to 18 months. The fourth stage is the training period, starting from 16 months to 3 years old, where children develop language skills, motor skills, and independence. The fifth stage is the first childhood, which lasts from 3 to 6 years, also known as preschool. Children learn language, motor skills, and independence at this stage and develop social skills. The sixth stage is the second childhood, which lasts from 6 to 12 years of age and is called the school period. Children can receive formal education and assimilate knowledge in their learning environment at this stage. The seventh stage is adolescence, which lasts from 12 to 18 years. At this stage, children seek self-identity, spend time with peers, and try to be independent of their parents. During this time, children often ask questions that reflect their curiosity, both factual and imaginary questions. These questions help them understand the world around them, overcome doubts, and encourage exploration, a natural psychological urge for them. 21 A great desire for research is one sign of a smart child. They always feel curious and inspired to solve new problems they encounter. In this way, they can try new things and develop original ideas. They have critical thinking skills that develop early, around 18 months and up. At this stage, when children develop language skills, motor skills, and independence, they begin to recognize the importance of language and are interested in learning it. 22 Smart kids often ask questions. There are various important questions asked. In addition, the role of parents is also very important in this process.

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Parents can answer their children's questions with real answers or by making up made-up stories, even if the questions are very complicated. Maybe for children, this doesn't look easy to understand. However, parents must provide answers that satisfy the child's heart. Questions from children can be a start in instilling moral values and character. The environment at home and family influences have a big role in forming children's character. 23 l Children's growth occurs in a home environment where they can learn various values, such as ethics and culture. Every parent hopes their children can grow up smart and have good character to maintain a good family reputation. Children can see, hear, feel, and think progressively. They observe, listen to, and similarly experience the world to their parents. The family has a major influence in shaping children's character education. One of the signs of a good child is always courtesy and respect for their parents. The sublime virtues in each individual must be created, not just appear by themselves. 24

Social capital
The theory of social capital in the context of parenting style refers to the idea that parents serve as the main introduction for their children to the culture and social values that exist in the family and society (Mullenbach et al., 2022 25 . John Coleman developed this concept and focuses on how parenting styles influence children's formation and use of social capital. Social capital refers to the set of values, norms, knowledge, skills, and social relations that individuals use in interacting with others and understanding and adapting to their environment. Social capital is obtained through social interaction with family, school, and community members. 26 23  In the context of parenting, social capital theory assumes that parents act as the main socialization agents who provide social capital to their children. Parenting styles include approaches and practices used in raising children, such as setting rules, setting examples of behavior, providing emotional support, and facilitating children's social involvement in the family and community. Parenting styles prioritizing positive and healthy social capital can significantly contribute to family functioning. Social capital supports the development of social values. Parents as adults contribute greatly to developing social values in children. Parents set an example regarding the teachings of moral principles, ethics, and social responsibility. This example can help children interact well with family members and members of society in general. 27 Social capital can strengthen social and emotional skills. Parents can help children develop the social skills needed to interact with others, such as communication, empathy, problem-solving, and negotiation skills. Strong social skills will help children build healthy relationships with family members and their social environment. Parents who provide positive emotional support and attention to children's feelings can help develop self-confidence, self-esteem, and emotional well-being. This will positively impact the overall family climate and improve family functioning. 28

Method
In this study, researchers used a library research approach, a qualitative research method in which information is obtained from various written sources such as books, journals, notes, and previous research reports. This study aims to understand parenting and the role of the family towards children from the perspective of social capital, focusing on related topics. Relevant information is collected and presented through a character study approach to provide a better picture. 30 In the library research process, the necessary information is obtained from various literature sources. These literature sources include books and other references related to the research conducted. Researchers use literature and documentation to collect relevant information. 31 In this literature research, books and scientific articles are used as objects of study to obtain an overview of parenting patterns and the role of the family towards children from the perspective of social capital. Meanwhile, documentation techniques are used to collect information by looking for references regarding the aspects needed through books, journals, and other records related to parenting patterns and the role of the family towards children from the perspective of social capital.
For three weeks, a study has been carried out. The research began by collecting works from various figures discussing parenting and the role of the family towards children in the context of social capital. Then, the selection and selection of these works are carried out as the main source to support the research. These sources are then taken and analyzed according to the information needed. The research results are then presented in the form of a narrative description. In the end, this research ends the discussion about parenting and the role of the family towards children from the perspective of social capital.

Parent-Child Relationship Patterns for Child Development
The way parents raise children has a significant impact on the child's psychological growth. When parents are authoritarian and expect their children  The quality of the relationship between parents and children also influences personality development. Interacting relationships between children and parents create intimacy in the family environment. Children become open with their parents, resulting in two-way communication, and all problems can be resolved through a close bond between parents and children. Parent-child interaction is based on a mutual understanding of needs and efforts to fulfill these needs with love and rationality. 33 On the other hand, if parents tend to ignore their child's wishes, it can result in the child losing control over his behavior and desires and developing a selfish personality that only thinks of himself. Apart from these two parenting extremes, democratic parenting can be a different solution for parents in optimizing children's emotional development. Parents who adhere to a democratic approach want their children to grow up independent. In this case, the effective use of the dialogic method is very important. Parents need to be sensitive to children's early childhood needs. 34 Circumstances where parents and children have an inappropriate relationship, can hinder children's development because children do not get optimal support in carrying out their developmental tasks. In addition, adopting an ineffective parent-child relationship pattern can also hurt a child's mental health. Another important aspect of encouraging child development is providing adequate support. Through this approach, children can complete each of their developmental tasks more quickly and optimally, thanks to the support provided by their parents.

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The positive relationship between parents and children by giving attention and affection drives a child's early development. Playing and giving attention are also important factors needed in the development of babies. Stimulation has a very crucial role in advancing child development. Development requires stimulation, especially in the family environment, such as by providing toys. Socializing children also involves mothers and other family members participating in children's activities 36 .

Patterns of Parent-Child Relationships, Family Functions and Achievement of Child Development Tasks
Family functions can occur within the family, which is reflected in the proper implementation of family roles and functions in childcare responsibilities. The role of the family, especially as a role model and guide, allows children to learn initiative, respect, and love. In addition, with the help of mentoring, parents can guide children's emotional development. Children can feel and be loved by their parents. 37 The effective function of the family is to balance caring for and respecting each other, which has a close relationship in social bonds between parents and children. Parents' attitudes and behavior are transmitted to children through their parents and siblings and generate feedback to parents. The relationship between mother and newborn is very important because the initial interactions between parents and children affect the nature and quality of their loving relationship. Furthermore, this relationship also affects the psychosocial and cognitive development of children. One of the most important rights of children is the right to be loved and protected, so children need affection and fair treatment from their parents. The parent-child relationship model in the family is an important tool for ensuring optimal child development. A model of a good relationship between parents and children and effective family functioning creates an atmosphere and playing environment that is safe and comfortable for children to explore. 38 According to developmental theory, the growth of preschool-aged children can be seen from four perspectives: gross movement skills, fine movement skills, speech and language skills, and social and independent abilities. During the preschool years, there are two important stages. First, the essential stage is where children often try to put everything around them into their mouths. The mouth becomes a tool for exploration and learning for them. Second the aesthetic stage, children are active in exploring and learning. They use their senses intensively, so various game tools are developed to train their senses. 39 l Urie Bronfrenbrenner and Ann Cruter Cruter 40 revealed that the development environment includes various events, situations, or conditions outside the individual that are thought to affect or be affected by the development of the individual. This environment consists of the physical environment involving everything from the molecules around the fetus before birth to the house's architectural design. The social environment involves everyone around the child.
To achieve optimal child growth and development, children need fulfillment in various aspects, including healthy nutrition, education, and balanced psychosocial support. At an early age, the developments that occur have a major influence on the next stage of development and can increase productivity in adulthood. The growth of a child's brain and intelligence is influenced by how parents care for, feed, and provide educational stimulation at an early age. Parents have an important role in providing stimulation, including basic values, the formation of discipline and independence, and the development of language skills, gross and fine motor, cognitive and social. With the hope that children can grow and develop their full potential optimally. 41

Parenting Patterns for the Prevention of Violence Against Children
Violence against children includes all forms of improper treatment, both physically and emotionally, sexual abuse, neglect, and expectations that can Several individual factors that can lead to violence against children include low levels of education, lack of knowledge and skills in preventing sexual violence, uncontrolled behavior, past experiences of violence, experiences of witnessing sexual violence, and use of illegal drugs. The social and environmental factors of the community include culture or habits that support sexual violence, exposure to violence through the media, weak health conditions, and laws that are inappropriate or dangerous for children. Meanwhile, relationship factors involve poor relationships between children and parents, family conflicts, involvement with criminals or perpetrators of violence, and joining gangs. 43 The importance of the role of the family in shaping a child's personality can be seen in how parents treat and care for their children. Parents' parenting style consists of how they educate, guide, discipline, and protect children in the process of growth and development to form behavior that is in accordance with good values and norms in society. 44 Several parental approaches to educating children are authoritarian, democratic, permissive indulgent and permissive indifferent 45 . To prevent acts of violence against children is important to build a quality relationship between parents and children. Good parenting tends to protect children from violence. Parenting style has a significant role in the occurrence of violence against children. A democratic approach to parenting can avoid violence against children. 46 Some factors that cause violence against children include the following: 1. Low public awareness of children's rights. 2. Parenting patterns or character education in the family environment. 3. Poverty and lack of knowledge in society. 4. Spread of bad behavior between generations due to copying or imitation. 5. Social tensions include unemployment, illness, families with many members, individuals with mental disorders, and alcohol and drug abuse. 6. Social isolation experienced by some people. 7. The lack of a database system on violence against children at the provincial, district, or city level, which is used to identify potential acts of violence in an area. 8. Weak law enforcement in dealing with cases of violence against children. 47

Strengths and Weaknesses of Parenting Style
Each type of parenting has good and bad consequences. Authoritarian parenting produces negative impacts, such as making a child withdraw from social interactions, feel dissatisfied, and lack trust in others. Even so, the positive impact is that children become disciplined and obey rules, even though this level of discipline tends to occur only when parents are around. 48 l One of the advantages of a traditional or democratic parenting approach is that it helps children to become individuals who have confidence in others, are responsible for their actions, are not hypocritical, and are honest. This approach also encourages children to be independent, have self-control, be explorative, and be full of confidence. However, there are weaknesses in this approach where parental authority and authority over children can be reduced. In this case, it is important to consider the opinions of both parents and children in each situation 49 l .
Permissive parenting involves giving children unlimited freedom by parents. One of the advantages of this approach is that it gives the child a high degree of freedom. If this freedom is used responsibly, children can grow into individuals who can develop their talents and interests independently, with

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creativity and innovation. However, the negative impact of this parenting style is the child's lack of discipline and self-control towards the prevailing social rules. 50 Parents' choice and implementation of parenting towards children have good and bad effects on children's behavior and emotional condition. To ensure optimal child development is important for every parent to choose the most appropriate type of parenting, taking into account social factors that exist in both parents and children, such as values, norms, social relations, and social trust.

Discussion
Social capital refers to resources that involve values, norms, beliefs, cooperation, beliefs, networks, and social interactions that individuals or groups own. The existence of this social capital can have a positive impact on children's cognitive and social development. In this case, social capital plays an important role for parents in fostering positive social relations with children and the surrounding environment to positively influence children's development. Social capital is also able to support increasing children's independence. Through social capital, children can build positive networks of cooperation, which will help them increase their independence and ability to be independent. 51 The existence of social capital plays an important role in strengthening the role of the family. The presence of social capital contributes to improving family welfare. A high level of social capital positively impacts family welfare because good interaction between people can affect family life. In addition, social capital also increases family resilience. The effect of social capital on family economic stability or improving family quality occurs because individual integrity as part of social capital helps families face various challenges. In this context, social capital supports the family in carrying out family functions, such as religion, culture, love, protection, reproduction, educational outreach, and finance. 52 50  The existence of social capital can support children in achieving their development goals. Social capital provides opportunities for children to access resources they may not have before. For example, children with strong social networks can get study assistance or assistance that helps them complete schoolwork. Social capital also provides positive role models for children, being role models in behaving and achieving success. Children get social support through social capital that helps them deal with stress and adversity. Children who have access to social support tend to be more able to develop resilience and have a lower risk of mental health problems. Social capital allows children to socialize, helping them develop social skills and forge positive relationships. Children who have opportunities to socialize are more likely to form healthy relationships and are less likely to experience social isolation. 53 Community active participation in preventing violence against children can be increased through social capital. Social capital is important in increasing trust and solidarity among community members. In addition, social capital also encourages public awareness of the importance of preventing violence against children. Communities are encouraged to report cases of violence against children around them because social capital supports victims and increases the community's ability to identify signs of violence. Regarding conflict resolution, social capital is important in teaching people to resolve conflicts peacefully and avoid violence. In addition, social capital also increases people's ability to understand and appreciate differences, thereby reducing conflicts that have the potential to lead to violence. 54 Democratic parenting is the social capital of a good relationship between parents and children. This parenting style has a positive impact on children's development. The role of parents is very important in setting guidelines and rules in the family while remaining responsive to children's questions and opinions. They are not authoritarian, but guide children to the right behavior, support them, and easily get information from children. Parents' priority is children's

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interests, but they also carry out supervision. Parents with democratic parenting are rational individuals, acting based on situations and ideas. Social capital in the form of democratic parenting can help children become independent, creative, and have good social skills. Democratic parenting helps children develop well, especially regarding social and emotional abilities. Parents with democratic parenting can have a positive influence on children by teaching them to be independent, creative, and have good social skills. 55 Positive parenting from parents has great benefits in preventing violence against children. It refers to a group of values, norms, and social skills that individuals and society possess, which can help build good social relations. Parents can apply this social capital to prevent violence against children. There are several ways that parents can use this social capital, including telling bedtime stories to children, avoiding comparing children with other people, teaching children to respect differences and understand other people's points of view, giving attention and adequate affection to children, giving rewards and praise when children behave well, implementing democratic, positive, effective, constructive, and transformative parenting, assisting children in developing social and emotional skills, giving positive nicknames to children, and building communication good with kids. 56

Closing
The family is the smallest social institution and bond in a society formed based on marriage. It consists of a father, mother, and children and can be added to grandparents, grandmothers, uncles, and aunts. Parenting in the family influences the formation of individual character. There are parenting, authoritarian, democratic, and permissive styles. Democratic parenting is the best choice for children's education. Social capital in the form of values, norms, social bonds, and social trust in the care of parents for children contributes positively to the development of children's family functions to achieve child development and prevent violence against children. This paper is only limited based on literature research. There needs to be further research on social capital